cmake-buildsystem(7)

Contents

• cmake-buildsystem(7)

  • Introduction

  • Binary Targets

    • Binary Executables

    • Binary Library Types

      • Normal Libraries

        • Apple Frameworks

      • Object Libraries

  • Build Specification and Usage Requirements

    • Target Properties

    • Transitive Usage Requirements

    • Compatible Interface Properties

    • Property Origin Debugging

    • Build Specification with Generator Expressions

      • Include Directories and Usage Requirements

    • Link Libraries and Generator Expressions

    • Output Artifacts

      • Runtime Output Artifacts

      • Library Output Artifacts

      • Archive Output Artifacts

    • Directory-Scoped Commands

  • Pseudo Targets

    • Imported Targets

    • Alias Targets

    • Interface Libraries

Introduction

A CMake-based buildsystem is organized as a set of high-level logical targets. Each target corresponds to an executable or library, or is a custom target containing custom commands. Dependencies between the targets are expressed in the buildsystem to determine the build order and the rules for regeneration in response to change.

Binary Targets

Executables and libraries are defined using the add_executable() and add_library() commands. The resulting binary files have appropriate PREFIX, SUFFIX and extensions for the platform targeted. Dependencies between binary targets are expressed using the target_link_libraries() command:

add_library(archive archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)
add_executable(zipapp zipapp.cpp)
target_link_libraries(zipapp archive)

archive is defined as a STATIC library – an archive containing objects compiled from archive.cpp, zip.cpp, and lzma.cpp. zipapp is defined as an executable formed by compiling and linking zipapp.cpp. When linking the zipapp executable, the archive static library is linked in.

Binary Executables

The add_executable() command defines an executable target:

add_executable(mytool mytool.cpp)

Commands such as add_custom_command(), which generates rules to be run at build time can transparently use an EXECUTABLE target as a COMMAND executable. The buildsystem rules will ensure that the executable is built before attempting to run the command.

Binary Library Types

Normal Libraries

By default, the add_library() command defines a STATIC library, unless a type is specified. A type may be specified when using the command:

add_library(archive SHARED archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

add_library(archive STATIC archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

The BUILD_SHARED_LIBS variable may be enabled to change the behavior of add_library() to build shared libraries by default.

In the context of the buildsystem definition as a whole, it is largely irrelevant whether particular libraries are SHARED or STATIC – the commands, dependency specifications and other APIs work similarly regardless of the library type. The MODULE library type is dissimilar in that it is generally not linked to – it is not used in the right-hand-side of the target_link_libraries() command. It is a type which is loaded as a plugin using runtime techniques. If the library does not export any unmanaged symbols (e.g. Windows resource DLL, C++/CLI DLL), it is required that the library not be a SHARED library because CMake expects SHARED libraries to export at least one symbol.

add_library(archive MODULE 7z.cpp)

Apple Frameworks

A SHARED library may be marked with the FRAMEWORK target property to create an macOS or iOS Framework Bundle. The MACOSX_FRAMEWORK_IDENTIFIER sets CFBundleIdentifier key and it uniquely identifies the bundle.

add_library(MyFramework SHARED MyFramework.cpp)
set_target_properties(MyFramework PROPERTIES
  FRAMEWORK TRUE
  FRAMEWORK_VERSION A
  MACOSX_FRAMEWORK_IDENTIFIER org.cmake.MyFramework
)

Object Libraries

The OBJECT library type defines a non-archival collection of object files resulting from compiling the given source files. The object files collection may be used as source inputs to other targets:

add_library(archive OBJECT archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

add_library(archiveExtras STATIC $<TARGET_OBJECTS:archive> extras.cpp)

add_executable(test_exe $<TARGET_OBJECTS:archive> test.cpp)

The link (or archiving) step of those other targets will use the object files collection in addition to those from their own sources.

Alternatively, object libraries may be linked into other targets:

add_library(archive OBJECT archive.cpp zip.cpp lzma.cpp)

add_library(archiveExtras STATIC extras.cpp)
target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PUBLIC archive)

add_executable(test_exe test.cpp)
target_link_libraries(test_exe archive)

The link (or archiving) step of those other targets will use the object files from OBJECT libraries that are directly linked. Additionally, usage requirements of the OBJECT libraries will be honored when compiling sources in those other targets. Furthermore, those usage requirements will propagate transitively to dependents of those other targets.

Object libraries may not be used as the TARGET in a use of the add_custom_command(TARGET) command signature. However, the list of objects can be used by add_custom_command(OUTPUT) or file(GENERATE) by using $<TARGET_OBJECTS:objlib>.

Build Specification and Usage Requirements

The target_include_directories(), target_compile_definitions() and target_compile_options() commands specify the build specifications and the usage requirements of binary targets. The commands populate the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, COMPILE_DEFINITIONS and COMPILE_OPTIONS target properties respectively, and/or the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS and INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS target properties.

Each of the commands has a PRIVATE, PUBLIC and INTERFACE mode. The PRIVATE mode populates only the non-INTERFACE_ variant of the target property and the INTERFACE mode populates only the INTERFACE_ variants. The PUBLIC mode populates both variants of the respective target property. Each command may be invoked with multiple uses of each keyword:

target_compile_definitions(archive
  PRIVATE BUILDING_WITH_LZMA
  INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB
)

Note that usage requirements are not designed as a way to make downstreams use particular COMPILE_OPTIONS or COMPILE_DEFINITIONS etc for convenience only. The contents of the properties must be requirements, not merely recommendations or convenience.

See the Creating Relocatable Packages section of the cmake-packages(7) manual for discussion of additional care that must be taken when specifying usage requirements while creating packages for redistribution.

Target Properties

The contents of the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, COMPILE_DEFINITIONS and COMPILE_OPTIONS target properties are used appropriately when compiling the source files of a binary target.

Entries in the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES are added to the compile line with -I or -isystem prefixes and in the order of appearance in the property value.

Entries in the COMPILE_DEFINITIONS are prefixed with -D or /D and added to the compile line in an unspecified order. The DEFINE_SYMBOL target property is also added as a compile definition as a special convenience case for SHARED and MODULE library targets.

Entries in the COMPILE_OPTIONS are escaped for the shell and added in the order of appearance in the property value. Several compile options have special separate handling, such as POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE.

The contents of the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS and INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS target properties are Usage Requirements – they specify content which consumers must use to correctly compile and link with the target they appear on. For any binary target, the contents of each INTERFACE_ property on each target specified in a target_link_libraries() command is consumed:

set(srcs archive.cpp zip.cpp)
if (LZMA_FOUND)
  list(APPEND srcs lzma.cpp)
endif()
add_library(archive SHARED ${srcs})
if (LZMA_FOUND)
  # The archive library sources are compiled with -DBUILDING_WITH_LZMA
  target_compile_definitions(archive PRIVATE BUILDING_WITH_LZMA)
endif()
target_compile_definitions(archive INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB)

add_executable(consumer)
# Link consumer to archive and consume its usage requirements. The consumer
# executable sources are compiled with -DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB.
target_link_libraries(consumer archive)

Because it is common to require that the source directory and corresponding build directory are added to the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, the CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR variable can be enabled to conveniently add the corresponding directories to the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of all targets. The variable CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR_IN_INTERFACE can be enabled to add the corresponding directories to the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of all targets. This makes use of targets in multiple different directories convenient through use of the target_link_libraries() command.

Transitive Usage Requirements

The usage requirements of a target can transitively propagate to dependents. The target_link_libraries() command has PRIVATE, INTERFACE and PUBLIC keywords to control the propagation.

add_library(archive archive.cpp)
target_compile_definitions(archive INTERFACE USING_ARCHIVE_LIB)

add_library(serialization serialization.cpp)
target_compile_definitions(serialization INTERFACE USING_SERIALIZATION_LIB)

add_library(archiveExtras extras.cpp)
target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PUBLIC archive)
target_link_libraries(archiveExtras PRIVATE serialization)
# archiveExtras is compiled with -DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB
# and -DUSING_SERIALIZATION_LIB

add_executable(consumer consumer.cpp)
# consumer is compiled with -DUSING_ARCHIVE_LIB
target_link_libraries(consumer archiveExtras)

Because archive is a PUBLIC dependency of archiveExtras, the usage requirements of it are propagated to consumer too. Because serialization is a PRIVATE dependency of archiveExtras, the usage requirements of it are not propagated to consumer.

Generally, a dependency should be specified in a use of target_link_libraries() with the PRIVATE keyword if it is used by only the implementation of a library, and not in the header files. If a dependency is additionally used in the header files of a library (e.g. for class inheritance), then it should be specified as a PUBLIC dependency. A dependency which is not used by the implementation of a library, but only by its headers should be specified as an INTERFACE dependency. The target_link_libraries() command may be invoked with multiple uses of each keyword:

target_link_libraries(archiveExtras
  PUBLIC archive
  PRIVATE serialization
)

Usage requirements are propagated by reading the INTERFACE_ variants of target properties from dependencies and appending the values to the non-INTERFACE_ variants of the operand. For example, the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of dependencies is read and appended to the INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of the operand. In cases where order is relevant and maintained, and the order resulting from the target_link_libraries() calls does not allow correct compilation, use of an appropriate command to set the property directly may update the order.

For example, if the linked libraries for a target must be specified in the order lib1 lib2 lib3 , but the include directories must be specified in the order lib3 lib1 lib2:

target_link_libraries(myExe lib1 lib2 lib3)
target_include_directories(myExe
  PRIVATE $<TARGET_PROPERTY:lib3,INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>)

Note that care must be taken when specifying usage requirements for targets which will be exported for installation using the install(EXPORT) command. See Creating Packages for more.

Compatible Interface Properties

Some target properties are required to be compatible between a target and the interface of each dependency. For example, the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE target property may specify a boolean value of whether a target should be compiled as position-independent-code, which has platform-specific consequences. A target may also specify the usage requirement INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE to communicate that consumers must be compiled as position-independent-code.

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
set_property(TARGET exe1 PROPERTY POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)

add_library(lib1 SHARED lib1.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)

add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1)

Here, both exe1 and exe2 will be compiled as position-independent-code. lib1 will also be compiled as position-independent-code because that is the default setting for SHARED libraries. If dependencies have conflicting, non-compatible requirements cmake(1) issues a diagnostic:

add_library(lib1 SHARED lib1.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)

add_library(lib2 SHARED lib2.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1)
set_property(TARGET exe1 PROPERTY POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)

add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1 lib2)

The lib1 requirement INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE is not “compatible” with the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of the exe1 target. The library requires that consumers are built as position-independent-code, while the executable specifies to not built as position-independent-code, so a diagnostic is issued.

The lib1 and lib2 requirements are not “compatible”. One of them requires that consumers are built as position-independent-code, while the other requires that consumers are not built as position-independent-code. Because exe2 links to both and they are in conflict, a diagnostic is issued.

To be “compatible”, the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property, if set must be either the same, in a boolean sense, as the INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of all transitively specified dependencies on which that property is set.

This property of “compatible interface requirement” may be extended to other properties by specifying the property in the content of the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL target property. Each specified property must be compatible between the consuming target and the corresponding property with an INTERFACE_ prefix from each dependency:

add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CUSTOM_PROP ON)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
  COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL CUSTOM_PROP
)

add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CUSTOM_PROP OFF)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2) # CUSTOM_PROP will be ON

add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3) # Diagnostic

Non-boolean properties may also participate in “compatible interface” computations. Properties specified in the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING property must be either unspecified or compare to the same string among all transitively specified dependencies. This can be useful to ensure that multiple incompatible versions of a library are not linked together through transitive requirements of a target:

add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_LIB_VERSION 2)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
  COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING LIB_VERSION
)

add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_LIB_VERSION 3)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2) # LIB_VERSION will be "2"

add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3) # Diagnostic

The COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX target property specifies that content will be evaluated numerically and the maximum number among all specified will be calculated:

add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 200)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
  COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
)

add_library(lib1Version3 SHARED lib1_v3.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 1000)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
# CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED will be "200"
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2)

add_executable(exe2 exe2.cpp)
# CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED will be "1000"
target_link_libraries(exe2 lib1Version2 lib1Version3)

Similarly, the COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MIN may be used to calculate the numeric minimum value for a property from dependencies.

Each calculated “compatible” property value may be read in the consumer at generate-time using generator expressions.

Note that for each dependee, the set of properties specified in each compatible interface property must not intersect with the set specified in any of the other properties.

Property Origin Debugging

Because build specifications can be determined by dependencies, the lack of locality of code which creates a target and code which is responsible for setting build specifications may make the code more difficult to reason about. cmake(1) provides a debugging facility to print the origin of the contents of properties which may be determined by dependencies. The properties which can be debugged are listed in the CMAKE_DEBUG_TARGET_PROPERTIES variable documentation:

set(CMAKE_DEBUG_TARGET_PROPERTIES
  INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
  COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
  POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE
  CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
  LIB_VERSION
)
add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)

In the case of properties listed in COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_BOOL or COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_STRING, the debug output shows which target was responsible for setting the property, and which other dependencies also defined the property. In the case of COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX and COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MIN, the debug output shows the value of the property from each dependency, and whether the value determines the new extreme.

Build Specification with Generator Expressions

Build specifications may use generator expressions containing content which may be conditional or known only at generate-time. For example, the calculated “compatible” value of a property may be read with the TARGET_PROPERTY expression:

add_library(lib1Version2 SHARED lib1_v2.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 PROPERTY
  INTERFACE_CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED 200)
set_property(TARGET lib1Version2 APPEND PROPERTY
  COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_NUMBER_MAX CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED
)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1Version2)
target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE
    CONTAINER_SIZE=$<TARGET_PROPERTY:CONTAINER_SIZE_REQUIRED>
)

In this case, the exe1 source files will be compiled with -DCONTAINER_SIZE=200.

Configuration determined build specifications may be conveniently set using the CONFIG generator expression.

target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE
    $<$<CONFIG:Debug>:DEBUG_BUILD>
)

The CONFIG parameter is compared case-insensitively with the configuration being built. In the presence of IMPORTED targets, the content of MAP_IMPORTED_CONFIG_DEBUG is also accounted for by this expression.

Some buildsystems generated by cmake(1) have a predetermined build-configuration set in the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE variable. The buildsystem for the IDEs such as Visual Studio and Xcode are generated independent of the build-configuration, and the actual build configuration is not known until build-time. Therefore, code such as

string(TOLOWER ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} _type)
if (_type STREQUAL debug)
  target_compile_definitions(exe1 PRIVATE DEBUG_BUILD)
endif()

may appear to work for Makefile Generators and Ninja generators, but is not portable to IDE generators. Additionally, the IMPORTED configuration-mappings are not accounted for with code like this, so it should be avoided.

The unary TARGET_PROPERTY generator expression and the TARGET_POLICY generator expression are evaluated with the consuming target context. This means that a usage requirement specification may be evaluated differently based on the consumer:

add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
target_compile_definitions(lib1 INTERFACE
  $<$<STREQUAL:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:TYPE>,EXECUTABLE>:LIB1_WITH_EXE>
  $<$<STREQUAL:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:TYPE>,SHARED_LIBRARY>:LIB1_WITH_SHARED_LIB>
  $<$<TARGET_POLICY:CMP0041>:CONSUMER_CMP0041_NEW>
)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1)

cmake_policy(SET CMP0041 NEW)

add_library(shared_lib shared_lib.cpp)
target_link_libraries(shared_lib lib1)

The exe1 executable will be compiled with -DLIB1_WITH_EXE, while the shared_lib shared library will be compiled with -DLIB1_WITH_SHARED_LIB and -DCONSUMER_CMP0041_NEW, because policy CMP0041 is NEW at the point where the shared_lib target is created.

The BUILD_INTERFACE expression wraps requirements which are only used when consumed from a target in the same buildsystem, or when consumed from a target exported to the build directory using the export() command. The INSTALL_INTERFACE expression wraps requirements which are only used when consumed from a target which has been installed and exported with the install(EXPORT) command:

add_library(ClimbingStats climbingstats.cpp)
target_compile_definitions(ClimbingStats INTERFACE
  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:ClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:ClimbingStats_FROM_INSTALLED_LOCATION>
)
install(TARGETS ClimbingStats EXPORT libExport ${InstallArgs})
install(EXPORT libExport NAMESPACE Upstream::
        DESTINATION lib/cmake/ClimbingStats)
export(EXPORT libExport NAMESPACE Upstream::)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 ClimbingStats)

In this case, the exe1 executable will be compiled with -DClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION. The exporting commands generate IMPORTED targets with either the INSTALL_INTERFACE or the BUILD_INTERFACE omitted, and the *_INTERFACE marker stripped away. A separate project consuming the ClimbingStats package would contain:

find_package(ClimbingStats REQUIRED)

add_executable(Downstream main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(Downstream Upstream::ClimbingStats)

Depending on whether the ClimbingStats package was used from the build location or the install location, the Downstream target would be compiled with either -DClimbingStats_FROM_BUILD_LOCATION or -DClimbingStats_FROM_INSTALL_LOCATION. For more about packages and exporting see the cmake-packages(7) manual.

Include Directories and Usage Requirements

Include directories require some special consideration when specified as usage requirements and when used with generator expressions. The target_include_directories() command accepts both relative and absolute include directories:

add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
target_include_directories(lib1 PRIVATE
  /absolute/path
  relative/path
)

Relative paths are interpreted relative to the source directory where the command appears. Relative paths are not allowed in the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of IMPORTED targets.

In cases where a non-trivial generator expression is used, the INSTALL_PREFIX expression may be used within the argument of an INSTALL_INTERFACE expression. It is a replacement marker which expands to the installation prefix when imported by a consuming project.

Include directories usage requirements commonly differ between the build-tree and the install-tree. The BUILD_INTERFACE and INSTALL_INTERFACE generator expressions can be used to describe separate usage requirements based on the usage location. Relative paths are allowed within the INSTALL_INTERFACE expression and are interpreted relative to the installation prefix. For example:

add_library(ClimbingStats climbingstats.cpp)
target_include_directories(ClimbingStats INTERFACE
  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/generated>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:/absolute/path>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:relative/path>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:$<INSTALL_PREFIX>/$<CONFIG>/generated>
)

Two convenience APIs are provided relating to include directories usage requirements. The CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR_IN_INTERFACE variable may be enabled, with an equivalent effect to:

set_property(TARGET tgt APPEND PROPERTY INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR};${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}>
)

for each target affected. The convenience for installed targets is an INCLUDES DESTINATION component with the install(TARGETS) command:

install(TARGETS foo bar bat EXPORT tgts ${dest_args}
  INCLUDES DESTINATION include
)
install(EXPORT tgts ${other_args})
install(FILES ${headers} DESTINATION include)

This is equivalent to appending ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include to the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of each of the installed IMPORTED targets when generated by install(EXPORT).

When the INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of an imported target is consumed, the entries in the property are treated as SYSTEM include directories, as if they were listed in the INTERFACE_SYSTEM_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES of the dependency. This can result in omission of compiler warnings for headers found in those directories. This behavior for Imported Targets may be controlled by setting the NO_SYSTEM_FROM_IMPORTED target property on the consumers of imported targets.

If a binary target is linked transitively to a macOS FRAMEWORK, the Headers directory of the framework is also treated as a usage requirement. This has the same effect as passing the framework directory as an include directory.

Link Libraries and Generator Expressions

Like build specifications, link libraries may be specified with generator expression conditions. However, as consumption of usage requirements is based on collection from linked dependencies, there is an additional limitation that the link dependencies must form a “directed acyclic graph”. That is, if linking to a target is dependent on the value of a target property, that target property may not be dependent on the linked dependencies:

add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
add_library(lib2 lib2.cpp)
target_link_libraries(lib1 PUBLIC
  $<$<TARGET_PROPERTY:POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE>:lib2>
)
add_library(lib3 lib3.cpp)
set_property(TARGET lib3 PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 lib1 lib3)

As the value of the POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property of the exe1 target is dependent on the linked libraries (lib3), and the edge of linking exe1 is determined by the same POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE property, the dependency graph above contains a cycle. cmake(1) issues a diagnostic in this case.

Output Artifacts

The buildsystem targets created by the add_library() and add_executable() commands create rules to create binary outputs. The exact output location of the binaries can only be determined at generate-time because it can depend on the build-configuration and the link-language of linked dependencies etc. TARGET_FILE, TARGET_LINKER_FILE and related expressions can be used to access the name and location of generated binaries. These expressions do not work for OBJECT libraries however, as there is no single file generated by such libraries which is relevant to the expressions.

There are three kinds of output artifacts that may be build by targets as detailed in the following sections. Their classification differs between DLL platforms and non-DLL platforms. All Windows-based systems including Cygwin are DLL platforms.

Runtime Output Artifacts

A runtime output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

• The executable file (e.g. .exe) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command.

• On DLL platforms: the executable file (e.g. .dll) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option.

The RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and RUNTIME_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control runtime output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

Library Output Artifacts

A library output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

• The loadable module file (e.g. .dll or .so) of a module library target created by the add_library() command with the MODULE option.

• On non-DLL platforms: the shared library file (e.g. .so or .dylib) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option.

The LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and LIBRARY_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control library output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

Archive Output Artifacts

An archive output artifact of a buildsystem target may be:

• The static library file (e.g. .lib or .a) of a static library target created by the add_library() command with the STATIC option.

• On DLL platforms: the import library file (e.g. .lib) of a shared library target created by the add_library() command with the SHARED option. This file is only guaranteed to exist if the library exports at least one unmanaged symbol.

• On DLL platforms: the import library file (e.g. .lib) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command when its ENABLE_EXPORTS target property is set.

• On AIX: the linker import file (e.g. .imp) of an executable target created by the add_executable() command when its ENABLE_EXPORTS target property is set.

The ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_NAME target properties may be used to control archive output artifact locations and names in the build tree.

Directory-Scoped Commands

The target_include_directories(), target_compile_definitions() and target_compile_options() commands have an effect on only one target at a time. The commands add_compile_definitions(), add_compile_options() and include_directories() have a similar function, but operate at directory scope instead of target scope for convenience.

Pseudo Targets

Some target types do not represent outputs of the buildsystem, but only inputs such as external dependencies, aliases or other non-build artifacts. Pseudo targets are not represented in the generated buildsystem.

Imported Targets

An IMPORTED target represents a pre-existing dependency. Usually such targets are defined by an upstream package and should be treated as immutable. After declaring an IMPORTED target one can adjust its target properties by using the customary commands such as target_compile_definitions(), target_include_directories(), target_compile_options() or target_link_libraries() just like with any other regular target.

IMPORTED targets may have the same usage requirement properties populated as binary targets, such as INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS, INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS, INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES, and INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE.

The LOCATION may also be read from an IMPORTED target, though there is rarely reason to do so. Commands such as add_custom_command() can transparently use an IMPORTED EXECUTABLE target as a COMMAND executable.

The scope of the definition of an IMPORTED target is the directory where it was defined. It may be accessed and used from subdirectories, but not from parent directories or sibling directories. The scope is similar to the scope of a cmake variable.

It is also possible to define a GLOBAL IMPORTED target which is accessible globally in the buildsystem.

See the cmake-packages(7) manual for more on creating packages with IMPORTED targets.

Alias Targets

An ALIAS target is a name which may be used interchangeably with a binary target name in read-only contexts. A primary use-case for ALIAS targets is for example or unit test executables accompanying a library, which may be part of the same buildsystem or built separately based on user configuration.

add_library(lib1 lib1.cpp)
install(TARGETS lib1 EXPORT lib1Export ${dest_args})
install(EXPORT lib1Export NAMESPACE Upstream:: ${other_args})

add_library(Upstream::lib1 ALIAS lib1)

In another directory, we can link unconditionally to the Upstream::lib1 target, which may be an IMPORTED target from a package, or an ALIAS target if built as part of the same buildsystem.

if (NOT TARGET Upstream::lib1)
  find_package(lib1 REQUIRED)
endif()
add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 Upstream::lib1)

ALIAS targets are not mutable, installable or exportable. They are entirely local to the buildsystem description. A name can be tested for whether it is an ALIAS name by reading the ALIASED_TARGET property from it:

get_target_property(_aliased Upstream::lib1 ALIASED_TARGET)
if(_aliased)
  message(STATUS "The name Upstream::lib1 is an ALIAS for ${_aliased}.")
endif()

Interface Libraries

An INTERFACE target has no LOCATION and is mutable, but is otherwise similar to an IMPORTED target.

It may specify usage requirements such as INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES, INTERFACE_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS, INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS, INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES, INTERFACE_SOURCES, and INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE. Only the INTERFACE modes of the target_include_directories(), target_compile_definitions(), target_compile_options(), target_sources(), and target_link_libraries() commands may be used with INTERFACE libraries.

A primary use-case for INTERFACE libraries is header-only libraries.

add_library(Eigen INTERFACE)
target_include_directories(Eigen INTERFACE
  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include/Eigen>
)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 Eigen)

Here, the usage requirements from the Eigen target are consumed and used when compiling, but it has no effect on linking.

Another use-case is to employ an entirely target-focussed design for usage requirements:

add_library(pic_on INTERFACE)
set_property(TARGET pic_on PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
add_library(pic_off INTERFACE)
set_property(TARGET pic_off PROPERTY INTERFACE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE OFF)

add_library(enable_rtti INTERFACE)
target_compile_options(enable_rtti INTERFACE
  $<$<OR:$<COMPILER_ID:GNU>,$<COMPILER_ID:Clang>>:-rtti>
)

add_executable(exe1 exe1.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe1 pic_on enable_rtti)

This way, the build specification of exe1 is expressed entirely as linked targets, and the complexity of compiler-specific flags is encapsulated in an INTERFACE library target.

The properties permitted to be set on or read from an INTERFACE library are:

• Properties matching INTERFACE_*

• Built-in properties matching COMPATIBLE_INTERFACE_*

• EXPORT_NAME

• EXPORT_PROPERTIES

• IMPORTED

• MANUALLY_ADDED_DEPENDENCIES

• NAME

• Properties matching IMPORTED_LIBNAME_*

• Properties matching MAP_IMPORTED_CONFIG_*

INTERFACE libraries may be installed and exported. Any content they refer to must be installed separately:

add_library(Eigen INTERFACE)
target_include_directories(Eigen INTERFACE
  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src>
  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include/Eigen>
)

install(TARGETS Eigen EXPORT eigenExport)
install(EXPORT eigenExport NAMESPACE Upstream::
  DESTINATION lib/cmake/Eigen
)
install(FILES
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/eigen.h
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/vector.h
    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/matrix.h
  DESTINATION include/Eigen
)